Абакумова Н.А., Попов А.И. Олимпиадные задачи по химии

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.



Fbgbkl_jkl\hh[jZah\ZgbyJhkkbckdhcN_^_jZpbb

LZf[h\kdbc]hkm^Zjkl\_ggucl_ogbq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l

HEBFIB:>GU?A:>:QB

IH OBFBB

F_lh^bq_kdb_mdZaZgby

^eyklm ^_glh\ b dmjkh\l_ogbq_kdboki_pbZevghkl_c

LZf[h\

Ba^Zl_evkl\hL=LM





M>D 

;;D=y

:

Ml\_j`^_ghJ_^Zdpbhgghba^Zl_evkdbfkh\_lhfmgb\_jkbl_lZ

J_p_ga_gl

>hdlhjobfbq_kdbgZmdijhn_kkhj

:;Dbebfgbd

KhklZ\bl_eb

G::[Zdmfh\Z:BIhih\

HebfibZ^gu_aZ^ZqbihobfbbF_lh^mdZaKhklG::[Zdmfh\Z: BIhih\LZf[h\Ba^\hLZf[]hkl_ogmglZk

< f_lh^bq_kdbomdZaZgbyojZkkdZaZghh[bklhjbbhebfibZ^gh]h^\b`_gbyklm^_glh\\ Jhkkbbijb\_^_guhkgh\gu_iheh`_gby ijh\_^_gby

hebfibZ^^Zguj_dhf_g^Zpbbklm^_glZfihj_r_gbxl\hjq_kdboaZ^ZqKh[jZgugZb[he__bgl_j_kgu_aZ^Zqbihobfbb^eykZfhklhyl_evghcjZ[hlu

klm^_glh\

Ij_^gZagZq_gu^eyklm^_glh\b dmjkh\l_ogbq_kdbo ki_pbZevghkl_c^g_\gh]hb ih^]hlh\bl_evgh]hhl^_e_gbc

M>D

;;D=y

¤ LZf[h\kdbc

]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc

l_ogbq_kdbcmgb\_jkbl_l

L=LM



$



<<?>?GB?

LjZ^bpbhgg u_nhjfuh[mq_gbyg_^hklZlhqghhjb_glbjmxlklm^_glh\gZn hjfb jh\Zgb_]hlh\g hklb d ijhn_kkbhgZevghc^_yl_evghklb\ kh\j_f_gguo

jughqguomkeh\byoij_^iheZ]Zxs_cij_`^_\k_]h]hlh\ghklvdj_r_gbxl\hjq_kdboijhn_kkbhgZevguoaZ^Zqlj_[mxsbog_klZg^Zjlghcdhf[bgZpbb

bf_xsbokyagZgbcmf_gbyijhy\blvk\hbkihkh[ghklb\ mkeh\byoh]jZgbq_gby\j_f_gbbj_kmjkh\

I_jki_dlb\guf gZijZ\e_gb_f kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby h[jZah\Zl_evgh]h ijhp_kkZ kihkh[kl\mxsbf jZa\blbx m klm^_glh\ g_klZg^Zjlgh]h fure_gby

y\ey_lkyhebfibZ^gh_^\b`_gb_ih_kl_kl\_gghgZmqgufb ki_pbZevguf^bkpbiebgZfZdlb\ghjZajZ[Zlu\Z_fh_b \g_^jy_fh_\ \_^msbo\maZoJhkkbbb

;_ehjmkkbb\lhfqbke_b\LZf[h\kdhf]hkm^Zjkl\_gghfl_ogbq_kdhfmgb\_jkbl_l_

Klm^_gq_kdb_ hebfibZ^u iha\heyxl j_Zebah\Zlv \ ijhp_kk_ h[mq_gby ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_ b khpbZevgu_ dhgl_dklu [m^ms_c i jhn_kkbhgZevghc

^_yl_evghklbnhjfbjh\Zlvm h[mqZxsbo kygZ\udbl\hjq_kdhcbg^b\b^mZevghcb dhee_dlb\ghcjZ[hlu]hlh\ylklm^_glh\d gZmqghbkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc

jZ[hl_

< j_amevlZl_ mqZklby \ hebfibZ^ghf ^\b`_gbb klm ^_glu ijbh[j_lZxl lZdb_ dZq_kl\Z dZd kh[jZgghklv p_e_mklj_fe_gghklv bgl_j_k dgZmd_

ljm^hex[b_ g_klZg^Zjlghklv fure_gby l\hjq_kdmx Zdlb\ghklv bkke_^h\Zl_ey beb dhgkljmdlhjZ r b jhl m \a]ey^h\ wjm^bpbx mf_gb_ jZkij_^_eylv

kbeumf_gb_kdhgp_gljbjh\Zlvkyb j_rZlvbgh]^Zijh[e_fu^bZf_ljZevghi jhlb\hiheh`guogZijZ\e_gbc

Ijbih^ ]hlh\d _b ijh\_^_gbb klm ^_gq_kdbohebfibZ^dZq_kl\_ggh_b dhebq_kl\_ggh_baf_g_gb_\k_ckljmdlmju\hafh`ghkl_cq_eh\_dZijhbkoh^bl

aZ kq_l mkeh`g_gby kihkh[h\ m^h\e_l\hj_gby ihagZ\Zl_evghc ihl j_[ghklb  hl lbih\uo aZ^Zq d w\jbklbq_kdbf hl mykg_gby ihklZ\e_gghc d_flh

ijh[e_fu^hkZfhklhyl_evghcihklZgh\dbaZ^Zqbb i jh\_^_gbygZmqgh]hihbkdZ

< ijhp_kk_ j_r_gby hebfibZ^guo aZ^Zq fh`gh \u^_eblv ke_^mxsb_ wlZiu l\hjq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb hkhagZgb_ ijh[e_fu jh`^_gb _ ]bihl_au

jZajZ[hldZfh^_ebj_r_gbyaZ^Zqb j_ZebaZpby\u[jZgg h]hZe]hjbl fZb djblbq_kdbcZgZebaijh^_eZgghcjZ[hluijh\_jdZj_amevlZlh\gZZ^_d\Zlghklv

D klm^_glmmqZkl\mxs_fm\ hebfib Z^Zoi j_^ty\eyx l kyke_^mxsb_lj_[h\Zgby

 g_h[oh^bfu_^eyih]jm`_gby\ bgnhjfZpbhggh_ihe_aZ^Zqb\ukhdbcbgl_ee_dlmf_gb_gZ[ex^Zlv\u^_eylv]eZ\g u _b \lhjhkl_i_ggu_h[t_dlu

mykgylv\aZbfhk\ya vf_`^mgbfb

 gZwlZi_jZajZ[hldbZe]hjblfh\j_r_gbyjZa\blhklv\hh[jZ`_gbykihkh[ghklvd dhf[bgbjh\Zgbxkhab^Zgbxgh\uoagZgbcbam`_bf_xsboky

 gZwlZi_djblbq_k dhcijh\_jdbkihkh[ghklvd ZgZebamdjblbqghk lv

P_e_khh[jZagh\u^_eblvg_kdhevdhdeZkkh\ ihagZ\Zl_evguoaZ^Zqj_rZ_fuomqZklgbdZfbhebfibZ^u

G_iheghihklZ\e_ggu_k jZafulufbmkeh\byfblj_[mx sb _kihkh[ghklbd \b^_gbxijh[e_fu

K iZjZ^hdkZevghcnhjfmebjh\dhcijh\hpbjmxsb_gZhrb[dmk g_hij_^_e_ggufg_h^ghagZqgufhl\_lhf

Kba[ulhqgufb^ZggufbaZ^Zqb\u[hjZk ijhlb\hj_qb\ufbmkeh\byfbaZ^ZqbgZhilbfbaZpbxijhp_kkZihbkdZj_r_gby



GZdhf[bgbjh\Zgb_ba\_klguokihkh[h\gZoh`^_gbyhi _jZlhjZaZ^Zqb\ km[t_dlb\ghgh\uc kihkh[

GZ\ujZ[hldmh[h[sZxsbokljZl_]bcgZihkljh_gb_ Ze]hjblfh\

GZ^hdZaZl_evkl\hgZh[gZjm`_gb_b mkljZg_gb_hrb[hd 

GZ\u^\b`_gb_]bihl_aihkljh_gb_kljZl_]bbj_r_gby

K \u^\b`_gb_f\ dZq_kl\_hkgh\gh]hwlZiZ ijh\_jdbj_r_gbyk ihke_^mxs_c_]hhp_gdhc

<k_jhkkbckdh_klm^_gq_kdh_hebfibZ^gh_^\b`_gb_gZqbgZ_lk\hchlkq_lk ]h^Zb ijh^he`Z_lemqrb_ljZ^bpbb<k_khxaguohebfibZ^

<h <k_jhkkbckdbo hebfibZ^Zo fh]ml ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ klm^_glu \k_o \mah\ Jhkkbb ;_ehjmkkbb kljZg KG= ihwl hfm fgh]b_ hebfibZ^u

ijbh[j_lZxlklZlmkf_`^mgZjh^guo

HebfibZ^u ijh\h^ylky \ljb lmjZ Klm^_glu `_eZxsb_ mqZkl\h\Zlv \h <k_jhkkbckdhc hebfibZ^_ aZdexqbl_evghf lmj_ ijhoh^yl \gZqZe_

\mah\kdmxi_j\uclmjaZl_fj_]bhgZevgmx\lhjhclmjhebfibZ^u

DZd ijZ\beh d mqZklbx \ aZdexqbl_evghf lmj_ ^himkdZxlky ih[_^bl_eb j_]bhg Zevguo hebfibZ^ gh \ keh`b\r_cky wdhghfbq_kdhc kblmZpbb

Hj]dhfbl_lu <k_jhkkbckdbo hebfibZ^ fh ] ml ^himkdZlv gZ gbo b ih[_^bl_e_c \mah\kdbo lmjh\ < khhl\_lkl\bb k iheh`_gb_f h <k_jhkkbckdbo

klm ^_gq_kdbohebfibZ^ZobomqZklgbdZfbfh]ml\uklmiZlvdZdhl^_evgu_klm^_glulZdbdhfZg^u

Obfby y\ey_lky h^gbf ba hkgh\guo ij_^f_lh\ iha\heyxsbo  ]h l h\blv dhgdmj_gl hkihkh[g h]h ki_pbZebklZ \ l_ogbq_kdhf \ma _ Klm^_glu

ijbgbfZ\rb_ mqZklb_ \ hebfibZ^Zo ih obfbb [he__ wnn_dlb\g h hk\Zb\Zxl ki_pbZevgu_ ij_^f_lu lZdb_ dZd wd heh]b y \u[hj dhgkljmdpbhgguo

fZl_jbZeh\baZsblZhldhjjhabb h[hjm^h\Zgb_obfbq_kdboij_^ijbylbcb^jm]b_

< ihke_^gb_]h^ u<k_jhkkbckdZyhebfibZ^Zijh\h^beZkvgZ[Za_DjZkghyjkdh]hmgb\_jkb l_lZ

J?DHF?G>:PBBIH J?R?GBXHEBF IB: >GUOA:>:Q

KgZqZeZaZ^Zqbj_rZcl_gZq_jgh\bd_@xjbq_jgh\bdbg_[m^_ljZkkfZljb\Zlv ihwlhfmq_jgh\bdbb l_dklu\k_oaZ^ZqhklZ\vl_m k_[yijbk^Zq_

jZ[hlu hgbihlj_[mxlky<Zf^eyihke_^mxs_]hZgZebaZk\hbo^_ckl\bc

I_j_ibku\Zcl_gZqbklhaZ^ZqmkjZamihke_ __ j_r_gbyIbkZlvmkeh\b_aZ^Zqbg_gm`ghIbrbl_j_r_gb_d Z`^hc aZ^Zqbhl^_evghgZjZa\_jgmlhf

\_jlbdZevgheb kl_gZh^ghc_]hklhjhg__kebh^gh]hebklZg_^hklZlhqgh ijb[Z\vl_\lhjhckh_^bgbl_bokdj_idhcgZibrbl_gZgboihjy^dh\u_ghf_jZ

   ^ey ^Zgghc aZ^Zqb < gZqZe_ dZ`^h]h ebklZ hklZ\vl_ qbklmx ihehkdm rbjbghc  ff \__ p_glj_ aZibrbl_ AZ^ZqZ    mdZ`bl_ _]h

ih\lhjbl_ wlhl ghf_j gZ \lhjhf b lj_lv_f ebkl_ kh keh\hf ijh^he`_gb_ _keb bf__lky \lhjhc blj_lbc ebkl j_r_gby \k_ eb klu ^he`g u bf_lv

mdZaZgb_ghf_jZaZ^Zqb

?keb<uij_^eZ]Z_l_g_h^ghZ^\Zj_r_gby^ZgghcaZ^Zqb mdZ`bl_\ gZqZe_bo l_dklh\J_r_gb_ J_r_gb_ HklZ\eycl_iheyb ijh[_eu

f_`^mj_r_gbyfb



Ibrbl_ ihykgyxsbc j_r_gb_ l_dkl h[t_f _]h hij_^_eycl_ kZfhklhyl_evgh \k_ nhjfmeu b \uqbke_gby ZddmjZlgh jZa[hjqb \h [_a hrb[hd

Khijh\h`^Zxsb_j_r_gb_jbkmgdb\uq_jqb\Zcl_q_ldhmdZau\Zcl_gZgbo\k_g _h[oh^bfu_h[hagZq_gbyAZg_[j_`gh_hnhjfe_gb_jZ[hlub g_ihegh_

hibkZgb_j_r_gbyhp_gdbkgb`Zxlky

Ihke_ hdhgqZgby jZ[hlu \k_ ebklu \lhf qbke_ bqbklu_ g_bkihevah\Zggu_ ebklu keh`bl_ \^\h_ b \eh`bl_ \ aZde__gguc dhg\_jl k<Zrbfb

dhhj^bgZlZfbb k^Zcl_\f_kl_khkijZ\hqghcebl_jZlmjhcqe_gm`xjb

Ij_`^_\k_]h\gbfZl_evghb ih^ jh[ghhagZdhfvl_kvk l_dklZfb\k_odhgdmjkguoaZ^Zq^eyhilbfZevgh]h\u[hjZbagbo l_odhlhju_<ukfh`_l_

ijZ\bevghj_rblv \ hl\_^_ggh_^eywlh]h\j_fy ijbf_jgh\ l_q_gb_ qZkh\\j_fydhgdmjkguobkiulZgbcmklZgZ\eb\Z_lky`xjbhebfibZ^ub

^h\h^blky^hmqZklgbdh\qZklv\j_f_gb hl\_^bl_gZijh\_jdmb hnhjfe_gb_l_dklh\j_r_gbc

Ijb\u[hj_aZ ^Z q^eyj_r_gbybk ih evamcl_ke_^m xsb_j_dhf_g^Zpbb

< dZq_kl\_i_j\hcaZ^Zqbj_rZcl_lZdmxdhlhjmx<ukmf__l_j_rblv[ukljhb ijZ\bevghMki_rgh_j_r_gb_i_j\hcaZ^Zqb^Zkl<ZfgZ^_`guc

fbgbfmf[Zeeh\b m\_j_gghklv\k\hbokihkh[ghklyob agZgbyoIhwlhfmi_j\ZyaZ^ZqZfh`_l[ulvihgb`_gghcbebkj_^g_ckeh`ghklb

  G_ klj_fbl_kv j_rZlv fgh]h  aZ^Zq  ihfgbl_ ijZ\beh emqr_ f_gvr_ ^Z emqr_ j_r_gby g_ bf_xsb_ ijZ\bevgh]h hl\_lZ khrb[dZfb

g_aZdhgq_ggu_^Zxlm qZklgbdmg_[hevrh_qbkeh[Zeeh\

<u[bjZcl_^eyj_r_gbyihkbevgu_<ZfaZ^Zqbg_iulZcl_kv [_a^hklZlhqgh]hgZlhhkgh\Zgbyj_rZlv\k_aZ^Zqbih\ur_gghckeh`ghklbdZ`^Zy

badhlhjuolj_[m_l[hevr_]h\j_f_gbgZj_r_gb_q_fijhklu_aZ^Zqb

?kebaZ^ZqZfh`_l[ulvj_r_gZ^\mfykihkh[ZfbdZ`msbfbkyi_jki_dlb\gufb\h\k_ohl ghr_gbyoaZbkdexq_gb_flh]hqlhh^b g bagboih

<Zr_fm fg_gbx e_]q_ ^jm]h]h lh _kl_kl\_ggh ki_j\Z b kijh[h\Zlv [he__ e_]dbc b [ukljuc kihkh[ KlZjZcl_kv ijbf_gyy ba[jZgguc f_lh^ j_r_gby

ba\e_qvbag_]hfZdkbfmfbgnhjfZpbb^eyhl\_lZbg_ij_djZsZcl_j_r_gbygZqZlufkihkh[hfihdZg_[m^_l_m\_j_guqlhiheghklvx_]hbkq_jiZeb

 Ij_^eZ]Zcl_hjb]bgZevgucg_klZg^Zjlgucf_l h^j_r_gbyl_dklmZevghihykgbl__]hjZpbhgZevg hklvihkjZ\g_gbxk deZkkbq_kdbfih^l\_j^bl_

_]hijZ\bevghklvijh\_jdhcihemq_ggh]hj_am evlZlZ^jm]bff_lh^hf

Ihfgbl_qlh<Zr_j_r_gb_^he`gh[ulvlhqguf

<gbfZl_evghijh\_jycl_^hhnhjfe_gbyl_dklj_r_gby>eym\_j_gghklb\ijZ\bevghfhl\_l_bkke_^mcl_\hafh`ghklv^ jm]h]hj_r_gbywlhcaZ^Zqb

b ^hihegbl_evguc [Zee aZ \lhjh_ dhgljhe v gh_ __ j_r_gb_ fh]ml^Zlv kmffZjgmxhp_gdm \ur_ q_f g_lhqgh_ beb g_ihegh_ j_r_gb_ ^\mo jZaebqguo

aZ^Zq

   < hp_gd_ k\h_c jZ[hlu [m^vl_ kZfhdjblbqgu IhklZjZcl_kv kZfhklhyl_evgh jZah[jZlvky \ ijbqbgZo g_\ukhdhc hp_gdb k\h_c jZ[hlu Hiul

ihdZau\Z_lqlh\ i h^Z\eyxs_f[hevrbgkl\_kemqZ_\h[jZs_gb_mqZklgbdZ\ Zi_eeypbhggmxdhfbkkbx[u\Z_lg_h[hkgh\Zgguf



Klj_fbl_kvd ih[_^_ghihfgbl_qlh]eZ\gh_ wlh<Zr_mqZklb_\ hebfibZ^_^_eh\u_b ^jm`_kdb_dhglZdluk__mqZklgbdZfbij_ih^Z\Zl_eyfb

b klm^_glZfb\Zr_]h\maZkjZ\g_gb_mjh\gyk\hboagZgbcb gZ\udh\k h[sbfmjh\g_fhebfibZ^ub hij_^_e_gb_gZijZ\e_gbc^ey^Zevg_cr_]hebqgh]h

kZfhkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbyijbh[j_l_gb_hiulZ\ [hjv[_aZih[_^m\ k\h_f^_e_\ mkeh\byowdklj_fZevghklb\ha^ _ckl\by\g_rgbonZdlhjh\

KibkhdkijZ\hqghcebl_jZlmjudhlhjhcfh]mlihevah\ZlvkymqZklgbdbhebfibZ^uhij_^_ey_lky`xjb

Ijbih^]hlh\d _d hebfibZ^_iho bfbb_s_jZa \gbfZl_evghbamqbl_nmg^Zf_glZevgu_iheh`_gbywlhcgZmdbih^]hlh\vl_kijZ\hqgmxebl_jZlmjm

GZi_j\hfwlZi_p_e_khh[jZaghj_rZlv[he__ijhklu_aZ^Zqbijb\_^_ggu_\jZa^_e_^eykZfhklhyl_evghcjZ[hluJZ[hlZfh`_li jhbkoh^blv\ jZfdZo

hebfibZ^ghcfb djh]jmiiu ijb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb m ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey  jmdh\h^bl_eywlhc ]jmiiu GZ \lhjhf wlZi_ i_j_oh^bl_d j_r_gbx hebfibZ^guo

aZ^Zq Ihfgbl_ qlh hebfibZ^gu_ aZ^Zqb  l\hjq_kdb_ aZ^Zqb dhlhju_ ij_^iheZ]Zxl g_klZg^Zjlguc ih^ oh^ dbo j_r_gbx P_e_khh[jZagh ihke_

kZfhklhyl_evghcjZ[hlugZ^aZ^ZqZfbijh\h^blv bo h[km`^_gb_\ jZfdZohebfibZ^ghcfbdjh]jmiiu

A:>:QB>EYK:FHKLHYL?EVGHCJ:;HLU

<dZdhfkhhlg hr_gbbfZkkke_^m_l\aylvgZ\_kdbf_lZeebq_kdhcf_^bqlh[uijb\g_k_gbbh^g hc\ dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmxk_jgmxdbkehlmZ \lhjhc

 \ jZa[Z\e_ggmxZahlgmxdbkehlm\u^_ebeb kvjZ\gu_h[t_fu]Zah\"

 Ijbk`b]Zgbbe kf_kbf_lZgZhdkb^Zm]e_jh^Z,,b wlZgZ ihemq_ghe m]e_dbkeh]h]ZaZHij_^_eblvfhev g h_kh^_j`Zgb_\ ]hjxq_c

kf_kbwlZgZ_kebh[t_fu]Zah\ baf_j_gu ijbghjf Ze vguomkeh\byo

<dZdhfh[t_fghf khhlghr_gbb g_h[oh^bfhkf_rZlvjZkl\hjukbevghcdbkehlukjG b s_ehqbkjG qlh[u ihemqb lvjZkl\hjkjG 

"

Q_j_a gucjZkl\hj]b^jhdkb^ZdZebyiehlghklv]kf



h[t_fhf e ijhims_g we_dljbq_kdbclhd<j_amevlZl_dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZ

m\_ebqbeZkvbebmf_gvrbeZkv"gZ DZdb_\_s_kl\Zb\dZdbodhebq_kl\Zo \u^_ebebkvijbwlhfgZwe_dljh^Zo"

   GZ\_kdZ f_lZeeZ \lhjhc ]jmiiu i_jbh^bq_kdhc kbkl_fu we_f_glh\ fZkkhc  ] \aZbfh^_ckl\my k Zahlhf h[ jZamxl gbljb^ ijb ]b^jheba_

dhlhjh]hihemqZ_lky]b^jhdkb^khhl\_lkl\mxs_]hf_lZeeZb ZffbZdIjbdZlZeblbq_kdhfhdbke_gbb\u^_eb\r_]hkyZffbZdZh[jZam_lkyehdkb^Z

ZahlZ,,k \uoh^hf Hij_^_eblvbkoh^gucf_lZee

H^ bgf_lZeefZkkhc] \ul_kgy_lbajZkl\hjZkheb ] \lhjh]hf_lZeeZIjbjZkl\hj_gbb ] \lhjh]hf_lZeeZ\dbkehl_\u^_ey_lky 

fe\h^hjh^Zh[t_f dhlhjh]hbaf_j_gijbl_fi_jZlmj_ qKb^Z\e_gbbZlfHij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_glgmx fZkkmi_j\h]hf_lZeeZ



Obfbq_kdh_jZ\gh\_kb_j_Zdpbb:]<] K]']mklZgh\behkvijbke_^mxsbodhgp_gljZpbyo>:@ fheve><@ fheve>K@ 

fheve>'@ fheve< jZ\gh\_kgmxkbkl_fm^h[Z\bebfheve \_s_kl\Z<<uqbkeblv g h\u_jZ\gh\_kgu_dhgp_gljZpbb\_s_kl\

<dZdhfkhhlg hr_gbbfZkkke_^m_lkf_rZlvdZj[hgZludZevpbyb fZ]gbyqlh[uihke_ijhdZeb\Zgbykf_kbijhp_glgh_kh^_j`Zgb_hdkb^ZfZ]gby

[uehlZdbf`_dZdb ijhp_glgh_kh^_j`Zgb_hdkb^ZdZevpby"

;uebkf_rZgu ehdkb^ZZahlZ,,b e dbkehjh^ZHij_^_eblvh[t_fguckhklZ\kf_kb\lhlfh f _gldh]^Zh[t_fhdkb^ZZahlZm f_gvrbekygZ

ijbihklhygghf^Z\e_gbbb l_fi_jZlmj_

<dZdhfh[t_fghfkhhlghr_gbbg_h[oh^bfhkf_rZlvjZkl\hjukbevghcdbkehlukjG b s_ehqbkjG qlh[uihemqblvjZkl\hjkjG "

   <uqbkebl_ ijhp_glgmx dhgp_gljZpbx \_s_kl\Z \ jZkl\hj_ ihemqb\r_fky \ j_amevlZl_ we_dljhebaZ  fe  gh]hjZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z

gZljbyiehlghklv]kf



_kebba\_klghqlhijbwlhf\u^_ebehkvfedbkehjh^Zbaf_j_ggh]hijbghjfZevguomkeh\byo

Ijb\aZbfh^_ckl\bb] g_ba\_klgh]hf_lZeeZk dhgp_gljbjh\ZggufjZkl\hjhfdbkehluh[jZam_lkykhev^\mo \Ze_glgh]hf_lZeeZb \u^_ey_lky

e]ZaZkh^_j`Zs_]hZahlZb dbkehjh^ZIehlghklv]ZaZih\h^hjh^mjZ\gZGZah\bl_g_ba\_klgucf_lZee

IjbijhdZeb\Zgbb\lhd_\h^hjh^Z^\mohdkb^h\h^gh]hblh]h`_f_lZeeZgZc^_ghqlhbah^gh]h]jZffZi_j\h]hhdkb^Zh[jZam_lky]\h^u

Zbah^gh]h]jZffZ\lhjh]h ]\h^u<uqbkebl_wd\b\Ze_glgu_fZkkuf_lZeeZ

DhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbyj_ZdpbbKHG



H KH



G



ijb DjZ\gZ<uqbkeblvkhklZ\jZ\gh\_kghckf_kb\fheihemqZxs_ckyba^\mo

h[t_fh\hdkb^Zm]e_jh^Zblj_oh[t_fh\\h^yguoiZjh\

A:>:QB<K?JHKKBCKDBOHEBFIB:>

HEBFIB:>:

AZ^ZqZ

Ihke_\aju\Zkf_kb\h^hjh^Zk ba[uldhf\ha^moZh[jZah\Z\rZyky\h^Zih]ehs_gZfeghcG







]kf



ihke_q_]hdhgp_gljZpby

ihke_^g_cmf_gvrbeZkvgZHij_^_eblvkhklZ\ bkoh^ghckf_kb\h[t_fguoijhp_glZo_keb__ h[t_fijbghjfZevguomkeh\byo e

AZ^ZqZ

IjbijhdZeb\Zgbb] g_ba\_klghckheb[_a^hklmiZ\ha^moZ h[jZam_lkyl\_j^ucijh^mdl:b]ZaOIjbijhimkdZgbb]ZaZO\jZkl\hjihemq_gguc

jZkl\hj_gb_fl\_j^h]hijh^mdlZ :\ b a[uld_\h^ujZkl\hjfmlg__lIhke_ijhimkdZgbygZ^jZkdZe_ggufm]e_f[_a^hklmiZ\ha^moZkf_kbehdkb^Z

m]e_jh^Z ,, b]ZaZ O h[jZah\Z\r_]hky ijb ijhdZeb\Zgbb bkoh^ghc g_ba\_klghc kf_kb kmffZjguc h[t_f ]Zah\hc kf_kb m\_ebqb\Z_lky gZ  e

GZah\bl_bkoh^gmxg_ba\_klgmxkhevHl\_lih^l\_j^bl_jZkq_lZfb



AZ^ZqZ

DZdbfh[t_fhf\h^uke_^m_ljZa[Z\blve gh]hjZkl\hjZmdkmkghcdbkehlu

^eyihemq_gbyjZkl\hjZjGdhlhjh]hjZ\_g&+



&22+ 

 





AZ^ZqZ

DhgklZglZjZ\gh\_kbyj_Zdpbb:]<] K]']jZ\gZ_^bgbp_Kdhevdhi jhp_glh\\_s_kl\Z: i h^\_j]Z_lkyij_\jZs_gbx_kebkf_rZlv

fhey\_s_kl\Z :b fhe_c\_s_kl\Z<"

AZ^ZqZ

F_^guc kl_j`_gv fZkkhc  ] \u^_j`Zeb \ jZkl\hj_ gbljZlZ k_j_[jZ ihke_ q_]h _]h fZkkZ khklZ\beZ  ] JZkkqblZcl_ h[t_f

bajZkoh^h\Zggh]hgh]hjZkl\hjZG1H





]kf



gZjZkl\hj_gb_f_^gh]hkl_j`gyihke_\u^_j`b\Zgby_]h\ jZkl\hj_:J1H





AZ^ZqZ

Kdhevdh ]jZffh\ .





b kdhevdh fbeebebljh\  gh]h jZkl\hjZ GKO 

  ]kf



 ke_^m _l \aylv qlh[u k ihfhsvx  \u^_eb\r_]hky oehjZ

hdbkeblvfhe y )HKO



\ )HKO



HEBFIB:>:

AZ^ZqZ [Zeeh\

Ijb ijhdZeb\Zgbb kf_kb k_ju k  ] g_ba\_klgh]h f_lZeeZ [_a ^hklmiZ \ha^moZ ijhl _dZ_l j_Zdpby k h[jZah\Zgb_f kmevnb^Z f_lZeeZ ,,  Ijb

jZkl\hj_gbb ijh^mdlh\ j_Zdpbb \ ba[uld_ kheyghc dbkehlu \u^_ey_lky ]Za  : b hklZ_lky  ] g_jZkl\hjbfh]h \_s_kl\Z i jb k`b]Zgbb dhlhjh]h \

ba[uld_dbkehjh^Z ihemqZ_lky]Za%

Dhebq_kl\_ggh_ \aZbfh^ _ckl\b_ ]ZaZ :k ]Zahf % ijb\h^bl d h[jZah\Zgbx   ] ijhklh]h \_s_kl\Z  Hij_^_eblv g_ba\_klguc f_lZee b ^Zlv

dhebq_kl\_ggh_h[hkgh\Zgb_hl\_lZJZkkqblZlvdhebq_kl\_gguckhklZ\bkoh^ghckf_kb

AZ^ZqZ [Zeeh\

GZah\bl_\_s_kl\Z[he__kbevgu_q_fnlhjhdbkebl_eb

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\



GZ\_kdmjm^u] jZkl\hjbeb\dbkehl_b ojhf hdb kebe b ^h^b ojhfZlZIhke_ jZajmr_gby hdbkebl_eyjZkl\hjjZa[Z\beb^hfeb fe

jZkl\hjZh[jZ[hlZebfejZkl\hjZ )H62





GZlbljh\Zgb_ba[uldZkmevnZlZ`_e_aZ,,ihrehfe  fheve jZkl\hjZ .





fejZkl\hjZ)H62



wd\b\Ze_glgufejZkl\hjZ







GZibkZlvmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbb

<uqbkeblvijhp_glgh_kh^_j`Zgb_ojhfZ\jm^_

MdZaZlvdZdih^[bjZ_lkybg^bdZlhjdZdbfh[jZahfnbdkbjm_lkylhqdZwd\b\Ze_glghklbijbojhfZlhf_ljbq_kdbohi j_^_e_gbyo

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\

GZ\_kdmkieZ\Z] i_j_\_eb\ jZkl\hjb\dmehghf_ljbq_kdhcyq_cd_ ijh\_ebdhebq_kl\_ggh_\hkklZgh\e_gb_ =Q



b &G



gZieZlbgh\hfd Zlh^_

ijb dhgljhebjm_fhf ihl_gpbZe_ FZkkZ dZlh^Z m\_ebqbeZkv gZ  ] H^gh\j_f_ggh k ihfhsvx ch^b^gh]h dmehghf_ljZ baf_jbeb dhebq_kl\h

we_dljbq_kl\ZaZljZq_ggh_gZ\u^_e_gb_f_lZeeh\< dmehghf_ljihf_sZehkvfe jZkl\hjZch^b^ZdZeby

GZlbljh\Zgb_fejZkl\hjZbadmehghf_ljZihke_hdhgqZgbywe_dljhebaZihlj_[h\ZehkvfegjZkl\hjZlbhkmevnZlZgZljby

Hij_^_eblvfZkkh\u_^hebpbgdZbdZ^fby\ kieZ\_

DZdb_mkeh\by^he`gukh[ex^Zlvky^eylhqgh]hhij_^_e_gby^\modhfihg_glh\f_lh^hfdmehgh]jZ\bf_ljbb"

DZdbf h[jZahffh`ghih\ukblvlhqghklvZgZebaZjZkkfhlj_ggh]h\aZ^Zq_"

AZ^ZqZ [Zeeh\

Ihj_ZdpbbJ_nhjfZlkdh]hk lj_l[mlben_gbed_lhghfh[jZam_lkykh_^bg_gb_:i_j_oh^ys__ihke_ ^_]b^jZlZpbb\dbkehckj_^_\ kh_^bg_gb_ %ba

dhlhjh]h^_ckl\b_f[jhfb klh]hwlbefZ]gbyh[jZam_lkykh_^bg_gb_&Z ^_ckl\b_fZexfh]b^jb^hfeblby kh_^bg_gb_'

GZibrbl_nhjfmeu:<&'_kebba\_klghqlhkh_^bg_gb_& kihkh[ghd ^_]b^jZlZpbbZijbha hgheba_h[jZam_l\ dZq_kl\_h^g h]hbaijh^mdlh\

[mlZghgZev

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\

<_s_kl\h:ijb hdbke_gbb ^Z_l ^\Zkh_^bg_gby% b &Kh_^bg_gb_% ijb^Zevg_cr_fhdbke_gbbh[jZam_llhevdhijhibhgh\mxdbkehlm<l_o`_

mkeh\byo ba kh_^bg_gby & ihemqZ_lky mdkmkgZy dbkehlZ bdbkehlZ k fhe_dmeyjguf \_khf  AgZy qlh &  d_lhg g_ kh^_j`Zsbc njZ]f_glZ &+



&2

hij_^_eblvnhjfmeu:% b &

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\



>eyh[jZlbfhcj_Zdpbbbahf_jbaZpbb ijhiZgheZ,



 &+



 &+



 2+ &+



 &+2+ &+



jZkkqblZlv baf_g_gb_wglZevibbwg_j]bb =b [[kZ wgljhibbZlZd`_jZ\gh\_kgmxkl_i_gv ij_\jZs_gbyijbl_fi_jZlmj_D_kebbkoh^gh]h

ijhiZgheZ, j_Z]bjh\Zehijbl_fi_jZlmj_DaZ qZijb DaZqL_fi_jZlmjgucdhwnnbpb_glkdhjhklbh[jZlg hc j_Zdpbbb dhgklZglZ

kdhjhklb ihke_^g_c ijb  DjZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh b  Â 





K^_eZlv \u\h^u h \ebygbbl_fi_jZlmjugZdbg_lbq_kdb_b l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_

iZjZf_ljuijhp_kkZIjbgbfZlvqlhl_ieh\hcwnn_dlj_Zdpbb\aZ^Zgghfl_fi_jZlmjghfbgl_j\Ze_ihklhyg_g

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\

<

>eyj_Zdpbb :

wg_j]byZdlb\Zpbbh[jZah\Zgby\_s_kl\Z<jZ\gZ d>`fhevh[jZah\Zgby\_s_kl\Z K d>`fhev

Ij_^twdkihg_gpbZevgucfgh`bl_evN

Â





Hij_^_eblvmkeh\by\ dhl hjuodhgp_gljZpbbh[jZamx sboky\ j_Zdpbbijh^mdlh\[m^mlh^bgZdh\u

JZkkqblZcl_wg_j]bx Zdlb\Zpbbj_Zdpbbij_\jZs_gby : o ijh^mdlub ihdZ`bl_y\ey_lkyebhgZ\_ebqbghcihklhygghc

IhdZ`bl_k\yavf_`^mwg_j]b_cZdlb\Zpbbj_Zdpbbb l_iehlhcwglZevib_cZdlb\ZpbbJZkkqblZcl_wglZevibxZdlb\Zpbb j_ZdpbbijbD

HEBFIB:>:

AZ^ZqZ[Zeeh\

DZdb_ijh^mdlu[m^mlihemqZlvky

 ijbgZ]j_\ZgbbgZ\ha^mo_f_lZeebq_kdh]hfZj]ZgpZl_og_pbyj_gby

 ijbijh^m\Zgbb\ha^moZq_j_ajZkl\hjkheb^\mo\Ze_glgh]hfZj]ZgpZ\ijbkmlkl\bbba[uldZpbZgb^bhgZ

 ijb^h[Z\e_gbb^bhdkb^ZfZj]ZgpZd dhgp_gljbjh\ZgghfmjZkl\hjm]b^jhdkb^ZdZebygZ\ha^mo_