Литология и фациальный анализ
Геологические науки и горное дело
  • формат pdf
  • размер 17.98 МБ
  • добавлен 02 августа 2011 г.
Bruce B. Velde, Alain Meunier. The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks
Bruce B. Velde, Alain Meunier. The Origin of Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks, Sрringеr, 2008, ISBN: 3540756347, 426 p.
This book aims to further a better understanding of such mechanisms, and it is thus destined for an audience of ecologists, pedologists, agronomists and other researchers involved in earth surface science.
Knowledge of the origin and transformation of clay minerals, their dynamic response to changing chemistry, is the key to a rational use of this natural boundary which affects our lives. The information and the analysis presented here is an attempt to set trends of research in the direction of preventive and creative use of the plant – soil interface.

Clays are the product of slow transformations of high temperature rocks into reactive, fine grained material. This material, once in the sphere of plant interaction, becomes highly reactive with transformation periods of tens to hundreds of years. The challenge of the future is to use these rapid responses to the benefit of mankind.

Contents.
Introduction.
Fundamentals of Clay Mineral Crystal Structure and Physicochemical Properties.
ntroduction.
The Common Structure of Phyllosilicates.
From Atomic Sheets to Layers.
Negatively Charged Layers.
The Different Layer-to-Layer Chemical Bonds.
Polytypes and Mixed Layer Minerals.
Layers of Identical Composition: Polytypes.
Layers of Different Composition: Mixed Layer Minerals.
Crystallites – Particles – Aggregates.
Crystallites: The Limit of the Mineralogical Definition.
cles and Aggregates.
The Principal Clay Mineral Species.
The Cation Substitutions.
The Principal Mineral Species of the 1:1 Phyllosilicate Group.
Principal Mineral Species of the 2:1 Phyllosilicates Group without Interlayer Sheet.
The 2:1 Phyllosilicates with an Interlayer Ion Sheet (Micas).
Phyllosilicates with a Brucite-type Interlayer Sheet (2:1:1).
The Fibrous Clay Minerals: Sepiolite and Palygorskite.
Typical Properties of Intermediate Charge Clay Minerals.
Hydration and Swelling.
The Crystallite Outer Surfaces.
The Ion Exchange Capacity.
cularities of Clay Minerals: Size and Continuity.
Clay Minerals are always Small.
The Reduced Number of Layers in the Stacks Typical of Clay Minerals.
From Order-Disorder to Crystal Defects.
Composition Heterogeneity at the Scale of a Single Layer.
How Do Clay Minerals Grow?
Phyllosilicate Growth Principles.
Speculative Interpretation of Growth Processes – Crystal Morphology Relations.
Nucleation Processes in Clay-Bearing Rocks.
Summary: Clay Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks.
The 2:1 Clay Structure and Its Importance in Soils.
The Illitic Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks.
Expandable Minerals (Smectites – Vermiculites).
Hydroxy Interlayered Minerals.
Mixed Layer Minerals in Soils.
Kaolinite and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals (K/S).
Allophane and Imogolite.
The Non-Phyllosilicate Minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks.
Stability of Clay Minerals Formed under Weathering Conditions.
Suggested Reading.
Basics for the Study of Soil and Weathered Rock.
Geochemical Systems.
ntroduction.
Definition of the Systems.
The Size of the Systems under Consideration.
The Solutions in Systems of Different Size.
The Physicochemical Forces Acting in the Systems.
Basic Definitions.
The Chemical Potential.
A Particular Chemical Potential: The pH.
The Oxidation-Reduction Potential (Redox).
Mineral Reactions in Alteration Systems.
Conditions at Equilibrium.
Kinetics of Alteration Reactions.
Suggested Reading.
The Development of Soils and Weathering Profile.
ntroduction.
Physical Description of Soils and Weathering Profiles.
The Development of Weathering Profiles.
The Development of Soils.
Conclusion in a YES or NO Question Series.
Dynamics of the Alteration Process under Temperate Conditions: An Investigation Comparing Soil and Rock Alteration in Profiles.
Alteration in Temperate Climates.
Kinetics of Alteration Processes.
Kinetics of Soil Formation.
The Inter-Relation of the Dynamics of the Alteration-Soil Profile Sequence.
Overview of Soil and Weathering Mineralogy.
The Mineralogy of Soil Horizons.
Mineralogical and Chemical Differences between Alteration and Soil Zones.
What Are the Clay Mineral Assemblages?
Formation of Different Clay Mineral Phases in A Horizon.
General Schema of Alteration Zone and Soil Relations.
Overview of Alteration in the Soil Zone in Temperate Climates.
Suggested Reading.
Clay Mineral Formation in Weathered Rocks: Water–Rock Interaction.
ntroduction.
Weathered Rock Profiles in Temperate Climates.
Weathering at the Landscape Scale.
The Parent Rock Control on Weathering Profiles.
The Climate Control on Weathering Profiles.
From Macro- to Microscopic Scale.
The Inteal Destabilization of Primary Minerals (Primary Plasmic Microsystems).
Porosity-Permeability and Microsystems in Crystalline Rocks.
Petrography of Contact Microsystems.
Petrography of the Primary Plasmic Microsystems.
Mineral Reactions in the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems.
Petrography of the Secondary Plasmic Microsystems.
Clays Forming in Secondary Plasmic Microsystems.
The Ultimate Weathering Stages.
The Fissural Microsystems: Cutans.
Accumulations (Absolute and Residual).
The Weathering of Porous Sedimentary Rocks.
Glauconitic Sandstones.
Weathering of Marls.
Possible Models for Weathering Processes.
From Heterogeneity to Homogeneity.
Mass Balance and Weathering Rates.
From Qualitative to Quantitative Models.
Summary of the Water/Rock Interaction Clay-Forming Processes.
Suggested Reading.
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals.
ntroduction.
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soil (Plant/Clay Interaction) Zone of the A Horizon.
Disequilibrium in Plant–Soil Zone Clays.
Dynamics of Clay Reactions in the Soils.
Clay Mineral Types in the Plant–Soil Interaction Zone.
llite.
Kaolinite.
Oxides and Oxyhydroxides.
Mixed Layer Minerals.
Soil Clay Mineral Assemblages by Ecological Type.
Prairie Soils.
Forest Soils.
Chemical Control in Soil Horzion by Plant Action.
Silica.
Potassium.
Element Loss and Element Gain.
Agricultural Influences.
Prairie Soil Clay Mineralogy in Agriculture.
Effect of Fertilizer on Clay Minerals.
Plants and Soil Clay Minerals: Some Thoughts for Further Consideration.
Suggested Reading.
Clays and Climate – Clay Assemblages Formed under Extreme Humidity Conditions.
ntroduction.
mpact of High Rainfall on Clay Mineralogy.
Soil Development as a Function of Rainfall.
ery High Rainfall.
Rainfall and Vitreous Rocks (Andosols).
Andosol Characteristics.
Weathering Processes Affecting Vitreous Rocks under Constantly Humid Conditions.
Mineralogy and Hydration State of Andosols.
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time.
Weathering Trends as a Function of Time under Tropical Conditions.
Weathering Trends in Semi-Arid and Arid Climates.
Summary.
Suggested Reading.
Physical Disequilibrium and Transportation of Soil Material.
ntroduction.
Slope Effects and Physical Disequilibrium.
High Slopes in Mountains.
Moderate Slopes.
Wind and Water.
Movement of Coarse Grained Material.
Fine Grained Material.
Wind Transport and Loess.
Reaction Rates due to Plant/Loess Interaction.
River Transport and Salt Marsh Sediments.
Catena Movement of Fine Grained Material on Slopes.
Topographically Controlled Soil Sequences.
Slope and Smectite Genesis (Catenas).
Summary.
Suggested Reading.
The Place of Clay Mineral Species in Soils and Alterites.
ntroduction.
Where Clay Mineral Types Occur in Alterites and Soils.
The 2:1 Minerals.
Kaolinite and Kaolinite/Smectite Mixed Layer Minerals.
Gibbsite.
ron Oxyhydroxides.
mogolite and Allophane.
Chlorites.
Palygorskite, Sepiolite.
Clay Minerals Present in Soils as a Response to Climate.
Physical Factors and Their Effect on Alteration and Soil Clay Mineral Facies.
Weathering Trend (Water – Silicate Chemical Trends).
The Impact of Plant Regime on Clay Minerals in Soils.
Reactivity of Clay Minerals in Ecosystems.
Convergence of Soil Clay Mineralogies.
Effect of Chemical Translocation by Plants on Clay Mineral Stabilities.
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium of Soil Clays.
The Structure of Alteration and Clay Formation.
Water/Rock Interaction.
Source Rock and Clays.
Plant/Soil Interaction.
Clay Transport.
Kinetics of Clay Change in the Soil Zone.
Minerals Present and Their Change in the Soil/Plant Interaction Zone.
Conclusions.
Perspectives for Clay Mineral Science in Surface Environments: Challenges for the Future.
Soils and Crops.
Soils as a Natural Safety Net for Mode Society.
Suggested Reading.
Annexes.
Annex 1 – Polytypes.
Definition.
An Example: The Mica or Illite Polytypes.
References.
Annex 2 – Mixed Layer Minerals.
Conditions of Interstratification.
Random Stacking Sequence (R0).
Ordered Stacking Sequences (R1).
References.
Annex 3 – Cation Exchange Capacity.
The Chemical Reaction of Cation Exchange.
Deviation from Ideality.
The Variable Charges.
References.
Annex 4 – Hydroxy-Interlayered Minerals (HIMs).
The XRD Properties of Hydroxy-Interlayered Minerals.
The Incorporation of Al Ions in the Interlayer Region of HIMs.
The Crystallochemical Composition of HIMs.
The Mixed Layer Model.
Conclusion.
References.
Annex 5 – Phase Diagrams Applied to Clay Mineral Assemblages.
Fundamentals.
Clay Minerals: The Stable Phases at Surface of the Earth.
References.
Annex 6 – Kinetics.
Fundamentals.
The Fick’s Laws.
Suggested Reading.
References.
Subject Index.
Похожие разделы
Смотрите также

Никулин И.И. Экспресс-приемы выделения тонкодисперсных минералов из цемента осадочных пород

Статья
  • формат pdf
  • размер 567.47 КБ
  • добавлен 21 апреля 2011 г.
// Вестник ВГУ, Геология, Воронеж, 2010. № 1. с. 286-292. Исследован процесс разделения суспензий, содержащих тонкодисперсную твердую фазу. Предложены два способа отмучивания фракции мельче 0,001 мм. Рассмотрены способы выделения твердой фазы из глинистой суспензии и предложены некоторые приемы по их усовершенствованию с учетом полученных результатов исследования. Наиболее эффективными приемами выделения можно считать принудительную сушку, выполн...

Bergaya F. (ed.), Lagaly G. (ed.), Theng B.K.G. (ed.) Handbook of Clay Science (vol. 1)

  • формат pdf
  • размер 17.97 МБ
  • добавлен 21 декабря 2011 г.
Авторы: Bergaya F. (ed.), Lagaly G. (ed.), Theng B.K.G. (ed.) The first general texts on clay mineralogy and the practical applications of clay, written by R.E. Grim, were published some 40-50 years ago. A large volume of literature has accumulated since then but this information is scattered and not always accessible. The Handbook of Clay Science assembles the vast literature on the divers aspects that make up the discipline of clay science. The...

Boggs S. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

  • формат pdf
  • размер 44.64 МБ
  • добавлен 01 января 2012 г.
4 edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, 662 pages A concise treatment of the fundamental principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, featuring the important physical, chemical, biological and stratigraphic characteristics of sedimentary rocks. Emphasized are the ways in which the study of sedimentary rocks is used to interpret depositional environments, changes in ancient sea level, and other intriguing aspects of Earth history. Topics includ...

Brigatti M.F., Galan E. and Theng B.K.G. Structures and mineralogy of clay minerals

  • формат pdf
  • размер 1.71 МБ
  • добавлен 29 июня 2011 г.
Brigatti M.F., Galan E. and Theng B.K.G. Structures and mineralogy of clay minerals // Handbook of Clay Science, Elsevier Ltd., 2006. Developments in Clay Science, Vol. 1. 19-86 pp. The authors believe that clays and clay minerals, either as such or after modification, will be recognized as the materials of the 21st century because they are abundant, inexpensive, and environment friendly. With that in view, this Handbook of Clay Science has assem...

Chamley H. Clay Sedimentology

  • формат djvu
  • размер 101.09 МБ
  • добавлен 05 июня 2011 г.
Chamley H. Clay Sedimentology, 1989. 589 p. Книга посвящена изучению осадочным глинам. Рассмотрены основные этапы формирования глинистых минералов и сложенных ими глинистых пород. Охватывается обширный фактический материал. Книга предлагается для геологов, литологов и студентов старших курсов как дополнительный справочный материал.

Kahle M., Kleber M., Jahn R. Review of XRD-based quantitative analyses of clay minerals in soils: the suitability of mineral intensity factors

  • формат pdf
  • размер 182.08 КБ
  • добавлен 15 декабря 2011 г.
Elsevier Science Geoderma 109 2002 p 191– 205. Martin-Luther-Universita? t Halle- Wittenberg, Weidenplan 14, 06108 Halle, Germany. Received 15 May 2001; received in revised form 1 April 2002; accepted 22 May 2002. The determination of the types and relative amounts of the minerals present in soil forms an essential component of most soil characterization efforts. This paper reviews protocols for XRDbased quantitative clay mineral analysis in soi...

Middleton G.V. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Энциклопедия
  • формат pdf
  • размер 161.56 МБ
  • добавлен 22 октября 2011 г.
Springer; 2003, Pages: 821 More than 75% of the earth's land surface is covered by sediments and sedimentary rocks. Near-surface sediments constitute the reservoirs for almost all groundwater, and are vitally important substrates for soils, wetlands, and shallow marine environments, while more deeply buried sediments provide most of the world's reserves of fossil fuels. The study and understanding of sediments and sedimentary rocks is therefor...

Sam Boggs Jr. Petrology of sedimentary rocks(second edition)

  • формат pdf
  • размер 16.34 МБ
  • добавлен 21 февраля 2011 г.
Cambridge University Press - 2009, 612 pages This book emphasizes the properties of sedimentary rocks rather than sedimentary processes. Thus, it focuses on description and discussion of mineralogic and chemical composition, as well as the textures and sedimentary structures that characterize sedimentary rocks. Further, it discusses application of insights derived from study of rock properties to interpretation of their origin, including provena...

Selley R.C. Applied Sedimentology

  • формат pdf
  • размер 35.8 МБ
  • добавлен 28 января 2012 г.
Academic Press, 2 edition, 2000, 523 Pages, ISBN: 0126363757. There are three types of rock-igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks form from the weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of older rocks. Applied Sedimentology describes the formation, transportation and deposition of sediment, and the post-depositional processes that change soft sediment into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks include sandstones, limest...

Velde B. Clays and clay minerals in natural and synthetic systems

  • формат pdf
  • размер 10.67 МБ
  • добавлен 13 октября 2011 г.
Elsevier Science, 1977, 218 pages Developments in sedimentology 21 INTRODUCTION Choice of Information Chemical Coordinates for Clay Mineral Assemblages Clay Mineral Names and Structures Chemical Systems Chemical Potential; Inert and Mobile Components Stability and Meta-Stability Sedimentation and Burial MINERALS AND MINERAL GROUPS Silica Sedimentary Environment Hydrothermal Alterations Weathering Sedimentary Rocks Kaolinite, Pyrophyllite...